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  1. #1
    Senior Member florgal's Avatar
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    Disease info: Chagas, scabies, leprosy, whooping cough.......

    CHAGAS DISEASE
    Definition


    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Chagas (CHAH-gus) disease is an inflammatory, infectious disease caused by a parasite found in the feces of the triatomine (reduviid) bug. Chagas disease is common in South America, Central America and Mexico, the primary home of the triatomine bug. Rare cases of Chagas disease have been found in the southern United States, as well.
    Also called American trypanosomiasis, Chagas disease can infect anyone, but is diagnosed most often in children. Left untreated, Chagas disease later can cause serious heart and digestive problems.
    Treatment of Chagas disease focuses on killing the parasite in acute infection and managing signs and symptoms in later stages. You can take steps to prevent the infection, too.

    Symptoms

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Chagas disease can cause a sudden, brief illness (acute), or it may be a long-lasting (chronic) condition. Symptoms range from mild to severe, although many people don't experience symptoms until the chronic stage.
    Acute phase

    The acute phase of Chagas disease, which lasts for weeks or months, is often symptom-free. When signs and symptoms do occur, they are usually mild and may include:

    • Swelling at the infection site
    • Fever
    • Fatigue
    • Rash
    • Body aches
    • Eyelid swelling
    • Headache
    • Loss of appetite
    • Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting
    • Swollen glands
    • Enlargement of your liver or spleen

    Signs and symptoms that develop during the acute phase usually go away on their own. If left untreated, the infection persists and, in some cases, advances to the chronic phase.
    Chronic phase

    Signs and symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas disease may occur 10 to 20 years after initial infection, or they may never occur. In severe cases, however, Chagas disease signs and symptoms may include:

    • Irregular heartbeat
    • Congestive heart failure
    • Sudden cardiac arrest
    • Difficulty swallowing due to enlarged esophagus
    • Abdominal pain or constipation due to enlarged colon

    When to see a doctor

    See your doctor if you live in or have traveled to an area at risk of Chagas disease and you have signs and symptoms of the condition, such as swelling at the infection site, fever, fatigue, body aches, rash and nausea.

    Causes

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    The cause of Chagas disease is the parasite Trypanosoma cruzi, which is transmitted to humans from a bite from an insect known as the triatomine bug. These insects can become infected by T. cruzi when they ingest blood from an animal already infected with the parasite.
    Triatomine bugs live primarily in mud, thatch or adobe huts in Mexico, South America and Central America. They hide in crevices in the walls or roof during the day, then come out at night — often feeding on sleeping humans.
    Infected bugs defecate after feeding, leaving behind T. cruzi parasites on the skin. The parasites can then enter your body through your eyes, mouth, a cut or scratch, or the wound from the bug's bite.
    Scratching or rubbing the bite site helps the parasites enter your body. Once in your body, the parasites multiply and spread.
    You may also become infected by:

    • Eating uncooked food contaminated with feces from T. cruzi-infected bugs
    • Being born to a woman infected with T. cruzi
    • Having a blood transfusion containing infected blood
    • Getting an organ transplant containing viable T. cruzi
    • Working in a laboratory where there's an accidental exposure to the parasite
    • Spending time in a forest that contains infected wild animals, such as raccoons and opossums
    • Being around an infected pet

    Risk factors

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    The following factors may increase your risk of getting Chagas disease:

    • Living in impoverished rural areas of Central America, South America and Mexico
    • Living in a residence that contains triatomine bugs
    • Receiving a blood transfusion or organ transplant from a person who carries the infection

    It's rare for travelers to the at-risk areas in South America, Central America and Mexico to contract Chagas disease because travelers tend to stay in well-constructed buildings, such as hotels. Triatomine bugs are usually found in structures built with mud or adobe or thatch.

    Complications

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    If Chagas disease progresses to the chronic phase, serious heart or digestive complications may occur. These may include:

    • Heart failure. Heart failure occurs when your heart becomes so weak or stiff that it can't pump enough blood to meet your body's needs.
    • Enlargement of the esophagus (megaesophagus). This rare condition is caused by the abnormal widening (dilation) of your esophagus, which can result in difficulty with swallowing and digestion.
    • Enlargement of the colon (megacolon). Megacolon occurs when your colon becomes abnormally dilated, causing abdominal pain, distension and severe constipation.
    • Treatments and drugs

      By Mayo Clinic Staff

      Treatment for Chagas disease focuses on killing the parasite and managing signs and symptoms.
      During the acute phase of Chagas disease, the prescription medications benznidazole and nifurtimox may be of benefit. Both drugs are available in the regions most affected by Chagas disease. In the United States, however, the drugs can be obtained only through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
      Once Chagas disease reaches the chronic phase, medications won't cure the disease. But, the drugs may be offered to people under 50 because they may help slow the progression of the disease and its most serious complications.
      Additional treatment depends on the specific signs and symptoms:
    • Heart-related complications. Treatment may include medications, a pacemaker or other devices to regulate your heart rhythm, surgery, or even a heart transplant.
    • Digestive-related complications. Treatment may include diet modification, medications, corticosteroids or, in severe cases, surgery.

    http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-c...n/con-20030854

  2. #2
    Senior Member florgal's Avatar
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    SCABIES

    Definition

    By Mayo Clinic Staff
    Multimedia



    Scabies is an itchy skin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite called Sarcoptes scabiei. The presence of the mite leads to intense itching in the area of its burrows. The urge to scratch may be especially strong at night.
    Scabies is contagious and can spread quickly through close physical contact in a family, child care group, school class or nursing home. Because of the contagious nature of scabies, doctors often recommend treatment for entire families or contact groups to eliminate the mite.
    Take heart in that scabies is readily treated. Medications applied to your skin kill the mites that cause scabies and their eggs, although you may still experience some itching for several weeks.

    Symptoms

    By Mayo Clinic Staff
    Multimedia



    Scabies signs and symptoms include:

    • Itching, often severe and usually worse at night
    • Thin, irregular burrow tracks made up of tiny blisters or bumps on your skin

    The burrows or tracks typically appear in folds of your skin. Though almost any part of your body may be involved, in adults scabies is most often found:

    • Between fingers
    • In armpits
    • Around your waist
    • Along the insides of wrists
    • On your inner elbow
    • On the soles of your feet
    • Around breasts
    • Around the male genital area
    • On buttocks
    • On knees
    • On shoulder blades

    In children, common sites of infestation include the:

    • Scalp
    • Face
    • Neck
    • Palms of the hands
    • Soles of the feet

    When to see a doctor

    Talk to your doctor if you have signs and symptoms that may indicate scabies.
    Many skin conditions, such as dermatitis or eczema, are associated with itching and small bumps on the skin. Your doctor can help determine the exact cause and ensure you receive proper treatment. Bathing and over-the-counter preparations won't eliminate scabies.

    Causes

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    The eight-legged mite that causes scabies in humans is microscopic. The female mite burrows just beneath your skin and produces a tunnel in which it deposits eggs. The eggs hatch in three to four days, and the mite larvae work their way to the surface of your skin, where they mature and can spread to other areas of your skin or to the skin of other people. The itching of scabies results from your body's allergic reaction to the mites, their eggs and their waste.
    Close physical contact and, less often, sharing clothing or bedding with an infected person can spread the mites.
    Dogs, cats and humans all are affected by their own distinct species of mite. Each species of mite prefers one specific type of host and doesn't live long away from that preferred host. So humans may have a temporary skin reaction from contact with the animal scabies mite. But people are unlikely to develop full-blown scabies from this source, as they might from contact with the human scabies mite.

    Complications

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Vigorous scratching can break your skin and allow a secondary bacterial infection, such as impetigo, to occur. Impetigo is a superficial infection of the skin that's caused most often by staph (staphylococci) bacteria or occasionally by strep (streptococci) bacteria.
    A more severe form of scabies, called crusted scabies, may affect certain high-risk groups, including:

    • People with chronic health conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV or chronic leukemia
    • People who are very ill, such as people in hospitals or nursing facilities
    • Older people in nursing homes

    Crusted scabies tends to be crusty and scaly, and cover large areas of the body. It's very contagious and can be hard to treat.

    Treatments and drugs

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Scabies treatment involves eliminating the infestation with medications. Several creams and lotions are available. You usually apply the medication over all your body, from your neck down, and leave the medication on for at least eight hours. A second treatment is needed if new burrows and rash appear.
    Because scabies spreads so easily, your doctor may recommend treatment for all family members and other close contacts, even if they show no signs of scabies infestation.
    Medications commonly prescribed for scabies include:

    • Permethrin 5 percent (Elimite). Your doctor may recommend that you apply this cream — which contains chemicals that kill scabies mites and their eggs — twice, with a week or so between each application. Permethrin is generally considered safe for children and adults of all ages, including women who are pregnant or nursing.
    • Lindane. This medication — also a chemical treatment — is available as a cream, lotion and shampoo. This medication isn't safe for children younger than age 2 years, women who are pregnant or nursing, or people with weakened immune systems.
    • Crotamiton (Eurax). This nonchemical medication is applied once a day for two to five days. Your doctor may recommend it if your baby has scabies.

    Although these medications kill the mites promptly, you may find that the itching doesn't stop entirely for several weeks.
    Doctors sometimes prescribe the oral medication ivermectin (Stromectol) for people with altered immune systems, for people who have crusted scabies, or for people who don't respond to the prescription lotions and creams.
    http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-c...n/con-20023488

  3. #3
    Senior Member florgal's Avatar
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    whooping cough

    Definition

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Whooping cough (pertussis) is a highly contagious respiratory tract infection. In many people, it's marked by a severe hacking cough followed by a high-pitched intake of breath that sounds like "whoop."
    Before the vaccine was developed, whooping cough was considered a childhood disease. Now whooping cough primarily affects children too young to have completed the full course of vaccinations and teenagers and adults whose immunity has faded.
    Deaths associated with whooping cough are rare but most commonly occur in infants. That's why it's so important for pregnant women — and other people who will have close contact with an infant — to be vaccinated against whooping cough.

    Symptoms

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Once you become infected with whooping cough, it can take one to three weeks for signs and symptoms to appear. They're usually mild at first and resemble those of a common cold:

    • Runny nose
    • Nasal congestion
    • Sneezing
    • Red, watery eyes
    • A mild fever
    • Dry cough

    After a week or two, signs and symptoms worsen. Thick mucus accumulates inside your airways, causing uncontrollable coughing. Severe and prolonged coughing attacks may:

    • Provoke vomiting
    • Result in a red or blue face
    • Cause extreme fatigue
    • End with a high-pitched "whoop" sound during the next breath of air

    However, many people don't develop the characteristic whoop. Sometimes, a persistent hacking cough is the only sign that an adolescent or adult has whooping cough.
    When to see a doctor

    Call your doctor if prolonged coughing spells cause you or your child to:

    • Vomit
    • Turn red or blue
    • Inhale with a whooping sound
    • Causes

      By Mayo Clinic Staff

      Whooping cough is caused by bacteria. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, tiny germ-laden droplets are sprayed into the air and breathed into the lungs of anyone who happens to be nearby.

      Risk factors

      By Mayo Clinic Staff

      Whooping cough is thought to be on the rise for two main reasons. The whooping cough vaccine you receive as a child eventually wears off. This leaves most teenagers and adults susceptible to the infection during an outbreak — and there continue to be regular outbreaks. In addition, children aren't fully immune to whooping cough until they've received at least three shots, leaving those 6 months and younger at greatest risk of contracting the infection.

      Complications

      By Mayo Clinic Staff

      Most people recover from whooping cough with no problems. When complications occur, they tend to be side effects of the strenuous coughing, such as:
    • Bruised or cracked ribs
    • Abdominal hernias
    • Broken blood vessels in the skin or the whites of your eyes

    Infants

    In infants — especially those under 6 months of age — complications from whooping cough are more severe and may include:

    • Ear infections
    • Pneumonia
    • Slowed or stopped breathing
    • Dehydration
    • Seizures
    • Brain damage

    Because infants and toddlers are at greatest risk of complications from whooping cough, they're more likely to need treatment in a hospital. Complications can be life-threatening for infants less than 6 months old.

    Tests and diagnosis

    By Mayo Clinic Staff

    Diagnosing whooping cough in its early stages can be difficult because the signs and symptoms resemble those of other common respiratory illnesses, such as a cold, the flu or bronchitis.
    Sometimes, doctors can diagnose whooping cough simply by asking about symptoms and listening to the cough. Medical tests may be needed to confirm the diagnosis. Such tests may include:

    • A nose or throat culture and test. Your doctor takes a nose or throat swab or suction sample. The sample is then checked for evidence of the presence of whooping cough bacteria.
    • Blood tests. A blood sample may be drawn and sent to a lab to check for a high white blood cell count. White blood cells help the body fight infections, such as whooping cough. A high white blood cell count typically indicates the presence of infection or inflammation. This is a general test and not specific for whooping cough.
    • A chest X-ray. Your doctor may order an X-ray to check for the presence of inflammation or fluid in the lungs, which can occur when pneumonia complicates whooping cough and other respiratory infections.
    • Treatments and drugs

      By Mayo Clinic Staff

      Infants are typically hospitalized for treatment because whooping cough is more dangerous for that age group. If your child can't keep down liquids or food, intravenous fluids may be necessary. Your child will also be isolated from others to prevent the infection from spreading.
      Treatment for older children and adults usually can be managed at home.
      Medications
      Antibiotics kill the bacteria causing whooping cough and help speed recovery. Family members may be given preventive antibiotics. Unfortunately, not much is available to relieve the cough. Over-the-counter cough medicines, for instance, have little effect on whooping cough and are discouraged.
      http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-c...n/con-20023295

  4. #4
    Senior Member florgal's Avatar
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    Hansen's Disease (Leprosy)

    Hansen's disease (also known as leprosy) is a long-lasting infection caused by bacteria.
    The disease was once feared as a highly contagious and devastating disease. Now, however, the disease is very rare and easily treated. Early diagnosis and treatment usually prevent disability related to the disease.





    Transmission

    Hansen’s disease is caused by infection with bacteria.
    Evidence suggests that the bacteria that cause Hansen’s disease can spread from person to person. This might happen when someone with the disease coughs or sneezes. This can release droplets into the air. It might also happen if you are exposed to other nasal fluids (also known as secretions). Droplets and other secretions can contain the bacteria that cause Hansen’s disease.
    If you breathe these in, you can become sick with the disease.

    Risk of Exposure

    In the U.S., leprosy is rare.
    Around the world, as many as 2 million people are permanently disabled as a result of Hansen’s disease.
    You may be at risk for the disease if you:

    • live in a country where the disease is widespread. Such countries include:
      • Angola
      • Brazil
      • Central African Republic
      • Democratic Republic of Congo
      • Federated States of Micronesia
      • India
      • Kiribati
      • Madagascar
      • Mozambique
      • Nepal
      • Republic of Marshall Islands
      • United Republic of Tanzania

    • are in prolonged close contact with people who have untreated Hansen’s disease. If they have not been treated, you could be exposed to the bacteria that cause Hansen’s disease. As soon as patients start treatment, however, they are no longer able to spread the disease.




    Armadillos


    Take caution around armadillos.
    More







    Most adults around the world, however, might face no risk at all. That’s because evidence shows that 95% of all adults are naturally unable to get the disease, even if they’re exposed to the bacteria that causes it.

    Signs and Symptoms

    The bacteria that cause Hansen's disease grow very slowly. It may take 2-10 years before signs and symptoms appear.
    Symptoms mainly affect the skin, nerves, and mucous membranes (the soft, moist areas just inside the body's openings).
    The disease can cause:

    • Skin lesions that may be faded/discolored
    • Growths on the skin
    • Thick, stiff or dry skin
    • Severe pain
    • Numbness on affected areas of the skin
    • Muscle weakness or paralysis (especially in the hands and feet)
    • Eye problems that may lead to blindness
    • Enlarged nerves (especially those around the elbow and knee)
    • A stuffy nose
    • Nosebleeds
    • Ulcers on the soles of feet









    Since Hansen’s disease affects the nerves, loss of feeling or sensation can occur.
    When loss of sensation occurs, injuries (such as burns or fractures) may go unnoticed. You should always try to avoid injuries. But, if you experience loss of sensation due to Hansen’s disease (or another cause), you may not feel pain that can warn you of harm to your body. So, take extra caution to ensure your body is not injured.

    Treatment

    Hansen's disease is easily treatable. It’s treated for 6 months to 2 years with a combination of antibiotics.
    If you are treated for Hansen’s disease, it's important to:

    • tell your doctor about any potential nerve damage take extra care to prevent injuries that may occur (especially if you experience numbness or a loss of feeling in certain parts of the body).
    • take the antibiotics until your doctor says treatment is complete (otherwise you may get sick again)

    In the U.S., people with the disease may be treated at special clinics run by the National Hansen's Disease Program.
    The Program receives Federal funds to run 11 clinics in 7 states and Puerto Rico. The clinics provide medical care for the diagnosis and treatment of Hansen's disease-related conditions.













    http://www.cdc.gov/leprosy/

  5. #5
    Senior Member florgal's Avatar
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    Tuberculosis (TB)

    Tuberculosis (TB)

    Basic TB Facts



    Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by a bacterium called Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The bacteria usually attack the lungs, but TB bacteria can attack any part of the body such as the kidney, spine, and brain. If not treated properly, TB disease can be fatal.


    How TB Spreads

    TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
    TB is NOT spread by

    • shaking someone’s hand
    • sharing food or drink
    • touching bed linens or toilet seats
    • sharing toothbrushes
    • kissing

    Latent TB Infection and TB Disease

    Not everyone infected with TB bacteria becomes sick. As a result, two TB-related conditions exist: latent TB infection and TB disease.
    Latent TB Infection

    TB bacteria can live in the body without making you sick. This is called latent TB infection. In most people who breathe in TB bacteria and become infected, the body is able to fight the bacteria to stop them from growing. People with latent TB infection do not feel sick and do not have any symptoms. People with latent TB infection are not infectious and cannot spread TB bacteria to others. However, if TB bacteria become active in the body and multiply, the person will go from having latent TB infection to being sick with TB disease.
    TB Disease

    TB bacteria become active if the immune system can't stop them from growing. When TB bacteria are active (multiplying in your body), this is called TB disease. People with TB disease are sick. They may also be able to spread the bacteria to people they spend time with every day.
    Many people who have latent TB infection never develop TB disease. Some people develop TB disease soon after becoming infected (within weeks) before their immune system can fight the TB bacteria. Other people may get sick years later when their immune system becomes weak for another reason.
    For people whose immune systems are weak, especially those with HIV infection, the risk of developing TB disease is much higher than for people with normal immune systems. Learn more about the difference between LTBI and TB Disease.


    Symptoms of TB disease include:

    • a bad cough that lasts 3 weeks or longer
    • pain in the chest
    • coughing up blood or sputum
    • weakness or fatigue
    • weight loss
    • no appetite
    • chills
    • fever
    • sweating at night


    Once a person is infected with TB bacteria, the chance of developing TB disease is higher if the person:

    • Has HIV infection;
    • Has been recently infected with TB bacteria (in the last 2 years);
    • Has other health problems, like diabetes, that make it hard for the body to fight bacteria;
    • Abuses alcohol or uses illegal drugs; or
    • Was not treated correctly for TB infection in the past

    There are two kinds of tests that are used to detect TB bacteria in the body: the TB skin test (TST) and TB blood tests. These tests can be given by a health care provider or local health department. If you have a positive reaction to either of the tests, you will be given other tests to see if you have latent TB infection or TB disease.

    Treatment for Latent TB Infection

    If you have latent TB infection but not TB disease, your health care provider may want you be treated to keep you from developing TB disease. Treatment of latent TB infection reduces the risk that TB infection will progress to TB disease. Treatment of latent TB infection is essential to controlling and eliminating TB in the United States. The decision about taking treatment for latent TB infection will be based on your chances of developing TB disease.
    Treatment for TB Disease

    TB disease can be treated by taking several drugs, usually for 6 to 9 months. It is very important to finish the medicine, and take the drugs exactly as prescribed. If you stop taking the drugs too soon, you can become sick again. If you do not take the drugs correctly, the germs that are still alive may become resistant to those drugs. TB that is resistant to drugs is harder and more expensive to treat.


    Drug-Resistant TB

    On this Page






    Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by bacteria that are spread from person to person through the air. TB usually affects the lungs, but it can also affect other parts of the body, such as the brain, the kidneys, or the spine. In most cases, TB is treatable and curable; however, people with TB can die if they do not get proper treatment.
    Sometimes TB bacteria become resistant to the drugs used to treat TB. This means that the drug can no longer kill the bacteria.
    Drug-resistant TB can occur when the drugs used to treat TB are misused or mismanaged. Examples include:

    • When people do not complete the full course of treatment;
    • When health care providers prescribe the wrong treatment, the wrong dose, or wrong length of time for taking the drugs;
    • When the supply of drugs is not always available; or
    • When the drugs are of poor quality.

    Drug-resistant TB is more common in people who:

    • Do not take their TB drugs regularly
    • Do not take all of their TB drugs
    • Develop TB disease again, after being treated for TB disease in the past
    • Come from areas of the world where drug-resistant TB is common
    • Have spent time with someone known to have drug-resistant TB disease

    Drug-resistant TB is spread the same way that drug susceptible TB is spread. TB is spread through the air from one person to another. The TB bacteria are put into the air when a person with TB disease of the lungs or throat coughs, sneezes, speaks, or sings. People nearby may breathe in these bacteria and become infected.
    Multidrug-Resistant TB (MDR TB)

    Multidrug-resistant TB (MDR TB) is caused by an organism that is resistant to at least isoniazid and rifampin, the two most potent TB drugs. These drugs are used to treat all persons with TB disease.


    Extensively Drug-resistant TB (XDR TB)

    Extensively drug-resistant TB (XDR TB) is a rare type of MDR TB that is resistant to isoniazid and rifampin, plus any fluoroquinolone and at least one of three injectable second-line drugs (i.e., amikacin, kanamycin, or capreomycin).
    Because XDR TB is resistant to the most potent TB drugs, patients are left with treatment options that are much less effective.
    XDR TB is of special concern for people with HIV infection or other conditions that can weaken the immune system. These people are more likely to develop TB disease once they are infected, and also have a higher risk of death once they develop TB.

    Preventing Drug-Resistant TB

    The most important way to prevent the spread of drug-resistant TB is to take all TB drugs exactly as prescribed by the health care provider. No doses should be missed and treatment should not be stopped early. People receiving treatment for TB disease should tell their health care provider if they are having trouble taking the drugs.
    Health care providers can help prevent drug-resistant TB by quickly diagnosing cases, following recommended treatment guidelines, monitoring patients’ response to treatment, and making sure therapy is completed.
    Another way to prevent getting drug-resistant TB is to avoid exposure to known drug-resistant TB patients in closed or crowded places such as hospitals, prisons, or homeless shelters. People who work in hospitals or health-care settings where TB patients are likely to be seen should consult infection control or occupational health experts.

    http://www.cdc.gov/tb/

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