As immigrant workers flee the state, immigrant-heavy sectors such as construction have seen varying declines of skilled workers.

In Tulsa, where enforcement has been more pronounced, so have labor shortages. The distress it has caused in the construction sector in Oklahoma County has been only slight. Overall, the blow of immigration enforcement appears to have been softened by less building, experts said.


"I would say in Tulsa, it has been as devastating as they had expected,â€