The principle challenge bedeviling the attempt to bring nations and peoples out of poverty is the seemingly intractable problem of how to even out the great disparities in wealth among the various nations on Earth. For every South Korea and its rapid rise from poverty, there are half a dozen like Uganda or Bangladesh that remain mired in poverty in spite of any number of programs and billions of dollars in aid thrown at the problem.

The most popular explanation for differences in economic development between different nations and people discounts genetic factors. Nations are helped or handicapped by their geographic location, it is believed, location that shapes human destiny without handicapping the genes of the people who live there.

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